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Introduction Hearing is one of the five senses, along with vision, taste, smell, and touch. The ears initially receive sound waves, and, through a series of processes, transmit them to the brain. In the brain, the sounds we hear are interpreted, integrated, and stored. In order to properly function, the auditory system requires a source of...
Introduction Before the breakthroughs of Broca and Wernicke, the notion of language regions was based on observations in patients with brain injuries. This was not able to directly determine the brain areas in which language is localized. This researchers studied their patients and found that certain parts in certain regions lead to damage to la...
Caffeine Nearly everyone understands that coffee can help people wake up in the mornings or stay awake during late nights, but far fewer understand exactly how it does this. One key pharmacological effect of caffeine is its competitive inhibition of the adenosine receptor. Adenosine, a dephosphorylated form of ATP, signals the shor...